Filter by Category . For more detailed information, see Appendix D: Texas Administrative Code, Title 26, Part 1, Section 556.9 and Section 556.12 . Some courses in the plans offer free CE. Education: The RN completes a four years degree or a graduate program from a state-approved nursing program. Before beginning this course, ensure that your computer meets the following system requirements. Let them sit on the rear left side. The health care professional will likely care for clients with either Type I or Type II diabetes during the course of a career. Our training materials help educators teach health care workers about dementia. It's convenient, easy, interactive and engaging. Easily add or remove staff from your plan, Communication with Cognitively Impaired Clients, Medical Record Documentation and Legal Considerations for the Health Care Professional, Bloodborne Pathogens and Infection Control, Measuring and Recording a Patient's Vital Signs, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Aging. Price: $79. Certification candidates must successfully complete the Nurse Aide in Long Term Care Facilities Training and Competency Evaluation Program (NATCEP). It is the most common chronic type of cognitive impairment and progresses in severity until death occurs. One example of cognitive impairment is Alzheimer's disease, which is a chronic type of dementia. 1. Specializes in Med-Surg, Trauma, Ortho, Neuro, Cardiac. The NAR is a state listing of active, revoked or unemployable status of nurse aids. Self-paced online course:Law and Epidemic Emergency Preparedness (LEEP)external icon. Learn about legal issues during epidemics and ways to reduce barriers to an effective response. QCHF has collaborated with Mariposa Training and the California Association of Long Term Care Medicine (CALTCM), which represents the state's medical directors. . Learn about COVID-19 vaccination, case investigation and contact tracing, healthcare infection control, and testing. Self-paced online course: Nursing Home Infection Preventionist Training Course external icon. Clear Solutions for Management and Professional Liability. Learn about options for managing your personal data in our, Causes and Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease, Difference Between Alzheimer's & Dementia, 10 Steps to Approach Memory Concerns in Others, Lecanemab Approved for Treatment of Early Alzheimer's Disease, Medications for Memory, Cognition and Dementia-Related Behaviors, Coronavirus (COVID-19) Alzheimer's and Dementia, COVID-19 Vaccine: Answers for Dementia Caregivers and People Living with Alzheimer's, Now is the Best Time to Talk about Alzheimer's Together, Coronavirus (COVID-19): Tips for Dementia Caregivers, Financial and Legal Planning for Caregivers, Health Care Appeals for People with Alzheimer's and Other Dementias, The Knight Family Dementia Care Coordination Initiative, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and Alzheimer's, The International Research Grant Program Council, Alzheimers Disease Strategic Fund: Endolysosomal Activity in Alzheimers (E2A) Grant Program, National Academy of Neuropsychology & Alzheimers Association Funding Opportunity, Part the Cloud-Gates Partnership Grant Program: Bioenergetics and Inflammation, Pilot Awards for Global Brain Health Leaders (Invitation Only), Robert W. Katzman, M.D., Clinical Research Training Scholarship, International Network to Study SARS-CoV-2 Impact on Behavior and Cognition, Alzheimers Association Business Consortium (AABC), Global Biomarker Standardization Consortium (GBSC), Global Alzheimers Association Interactive Network, International Alzheimer's Disease Research Portfolio, Improving Government Response to Respiratory Conditions, Programs for people living with Alzheimer's, Healthy Living for Your Brain and Body: Tips from the Latest Research, Dementia Conversations: Driving, Doctor Visits, Legal & Financial Planning, Understanding and Responding to Dementia-Related Behavior, Living with Alzheimer's: For Caregivers Early Stage, Living with Alzheimer's: For Caregivers Middle Stage, Living with Alzheimer's: For Caregivers Late Stage, Living with Alzheimer's: For People with Alzheimer's, Living with Alzheimer's: For Younger-Onset Alzheimer's. Some of the pandemic flu NPI training is applicable to COVID-19. Copyright 2016-2023. Some COCA Calls offer free CE. All courses developed and overseen by Registered Nurses. There are four additional modules. Learn tools to manage stress, compassion fatigue, and burnout. Use these free education programs to learn more about what to expect and how to prepare for the future. Printer: The ability to print hard copies of your learning certificate. Episodes cover vaccine effectiveness by vaccine type, long-term symptoms, mental health concerns, and more. Topics include the psychology of a crisis, messages and audiences, and community engagement. 0000004373 00000 n These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Spiff up your inservice with these creative ideas 1998. . What contributions will improve the safety of the environment for everyone, especially your residents? Hartman Publishing 1313 Iron Ave SW Albuquerque, NM 87102 Phone 800-999-9534 Fax 800-474-6106 info@hartmanonline.com An unspecified portion of this training must be based on performance evaluations of the nurse aides. Free CE. Trainings are organized by professional qualifications. 0000014403 00000 n Free CE. Be sure to screen shot your score before printing! 5. Arthritis, as an aging-related condition, will increase along with the rapidly aging population. Webinar: COVID-19 Vaccination and Childrenexternal icon. The facility did not make sure that nurse aides show they have the skills to be able to care for residents. They need to understand how the human body wou Human physiology is the study of the normal function of body organs and tissues. We have combined them into 10 principles ("The ABCs of resident rights") that cover all the rights applicable to direct caregivers. allnurses, LLC, 175 Pearl St Ste 355, Brooklyn NY 11201 Certified Nurse Aide Annual In-service EducationModule 1: Texas Long-term Care Overview. Learn about the COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by Johnson & Johnson, based on the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and guidance from the manufacturer. You have successfully completed Module 1. A complaint may come from several different sources, including but not limited to: It's not unusual for a survey team to arrive at a facility for a routine survey or complaint investigation and interview a CNA. Learn about the science on social distancing, strategies to support it, and how findings from past pandemics as well as the current one can shape responses today. Webinars cover how to become a vaccination provider, host a vaccination clinic, and administer more than one vaccine on the same day. The most common forms of training include: In-house training Online modules Videos Meetings Risk management assessments In-house training sessions are often conducted by nurses or other medical professionals to help nursing home employees prevent, identify, and report cases of abuse and neglect. other long term care setting. Specializing in textbooks for nursing assistants and Nursing Assistant Textbooks Here's the bottom line: Without training, frontline professionals (such as CNAs) in long-term care can't know how to keep themselves or residents consistently safe. Arthritis is characterized by inflammation of the joints. Free CE. 0000001322 00000 n This could affect 4.3 million to 11.4 million people. Learn about COVID-19 vaccination topics. CNA Inservice Facilitators Guide Medline QAPI Toolkit . Basic knowledge of disease transmission and the proper use of infection control procedures are needed when caring for a patient with tuberculosis. Specializes in Med nurse in med-surg., float, HH, and PDN. CAREGIVER EDUCATION AND SUPPORT PROGRAMS BEST PRACTICE MODELS. The training must take place once every two years and/or within six months of hire and be completed no later than August 1, 2018. Please note we are updating our courses to remove Flash Player! List five good communication skills to use with the elderly persons in your care. 0000001241 00000 n Upon completion of the training, a nurse aide trainee must . These patients are Infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person. The Federal regulation requires that nurse aides receive at least 12 hours of in-service training annually, but states have varying requirements for education that exceed this minimum requirement may be needed based a number of areas such as a changing resident population that require specialized education. Each of the five papers are available for download below. Learn ways to reduce workplace fatigue and stay healthy. A facility must ensure that nurse aides complete an approved Nurse Aide Training and Competency Evaluation Program (NATCEP) and be placed on the Nurse Aide Registry within 4 months of their date of hire by the facility; and. 0000001898 00000 n 68 Pins 1y P Collection by Pedagogy Continuing Nurse Education Similar ideas popular now Education Health Care Home Care Home Health Health Care Continuing Education For Nurses The intent of OBRA is to improve the quality of life for residents in nursing facilities. At (540) 349-8074 You will provide companionship, as well as providing support to activities of daily living. Learn best practices for infection prevention and control in nursing homes. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on an official government site. Long-term care facilities meet the needs of persons who may be: As the U.S. aging population grows, conditions we know as chronic diseases will probably also be on the rise, because they more commonly affect older people. 11 Articles; Individuals working in healthcare also runs the risk of contaminating, injuring or even killing the very patient they are trying to treat. straight through to make sure your presentation is consistent with the available time, and b.) To document successful course completion, participants must print a copy of the course certificate available at the end of the training and keep the certificate for documentation purposes. Access 500+ caregiver training courses. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the term obesity is used to label a range of weight that is unhealthy in relationship to the height proportions. Certified Nurse Aides are not required to take the Health and Human Services Commission computer-based training if they are fulfilling the requirement through a nursing facility or another approved Nurse Aide Training and Competency Evaluation Program (NATCEP). Long-Term Care Training Requirements We have listed each state's DRA/NAIC and Partnership initial and refresher mandatory training. Employees of Healthcare facilities, people who are caregivers, elder care workers, or are in the personal care field are all in high risk of hazardous chemical contamination, occupational injuries, death, and possible conflicts. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. COVID-19 Vaccine Training: General Overview of Immunization Best Practices for Healthcare Providers Learn about COVID-19 Emergency Use Authorization and safety as well as vaccine storage, handling, administration, and reporting. 41 Pins 7y C Collection by Capra Garrison Similar ideas popular now Home Care Caregiver Health Care Home Health Health Care Long Term Care Homes Safety Awareness Staff Development Nursing Assistant Home Care Continuing Education Divorce @lLv) A endstream endobj 49 0 obj <> endobj 50 0 obj <> endobj 51 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>> endobj 52 0 obj <> endobj 53 0 obj <> endobj 54 0 obj <> endobj 55 0 obj <> endobj 56 0 obj <> endobj 57 0 obj <> endobj 58 0 obj [/ICCBased 74 0 R] endobj 59 0 obj <> endobj 60 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <> endobj 62 0 obj <> endobj 63 0 obj <> endobj 64 0 obj <>stream Make and implement systemic interventions to help prevent adverse events. 0000008219 00000 n COVID-19 AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY UNWINDING RESOURCES, A Review of Dementia Training Standards Across Health Care Settings, A Review of Dementia Training Standards Across Professional Licensure, Dementia Training Standards for First Responders, Protective Services, and Ombuds, Promising Practices: Washington State-A Trailblazer in Dementia Training, Court Filing: Emergency Order to Enforce Nationwide Injunction, Fact Sheet: More Older California Homeowners Can Get Help with Delinquent Mortgages and Property Taxes, Free Webinar: Topics in SSIABLE Accounts and Supplemental Security Income, Report: Nursing Homes Sedate Too Many Residents. Self-paced online course:COVID-19 Vaccine Trainingexternal icon. | All rights reserved. Engagement Through Education (ETE) provides in service training for your licensed care team members. Vicks salve (helps disguise nasty odors) Ibuprofen or Tylenol for aches. Recognized federal organizations for long-term care, Recognized state organizations for long-term care, Described the role of the CNA in long-term care. They help providers understand and address caregiver needs. Surveyors may look at whether the room is safe for a resident, whether residents are receiving good care with hygiene, or other conditions. Floor 17 Chicago, IL 60601. Announcements and clarifications about important rulemaking, quality program initiatives, and other related topics are also covered. H| y96J{j+Uoc1Ds;V{o~3]84',I! These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Learn about the COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by Moderna, Inc., based on the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and guidance from the manufacturer. 0000011734 00000 n I got a message to update 'quick-time' and that did the trick. Long-term care facilities are designed to meet the needs of persons who cannot care for themselves but do not need hospital care. Use the CMS Quality, Safety & Education Portal (QSEP) to get the full surveyor training curriculum, health care facility regulations guidance, and provider-specific training. 0000003952 00000 n Choosing a specialty can be a daunting task and we made it easier. Watch on Step by Step Moving from front to back, use warm water and a clean washcloth (or disposable wipes) to clean the perineal area. For the Nursing Instructor: Objectives and Outline, Lesson Notes and Handouts, Pre-test, Post-test, and Answer Key. a.) Self-paced online course: Pfizer-BioNTech (COMIRNATY) COVID-19 Vaccineexternal icon. Allow for discussion. Free CE. How Providers Address Caregiver Needs There are four additional modules. There's no doubt that online learning has revolutionized caregiver training. The following slide will include a short knowledge check to help you demonstrate your understanding of the content provided. Reporting suspected findings to the designated facility contact and providing facts requested for filing reports. These rights are found in different sections of U.S. law. They understand the difference between communicating passively, aggressively and assertively. Caregivers may purchase annual certification training for $59 or $79. Our members represent more than 60 professional nursing specialties. The video segments are designed to illustrate different cases or situations that may occur in a variety of long term care settings. It makes tracking and reporting a breeze for compliance. If a finding is entered, the nurse aide will not be employable as a nurse aide in LTC facilities. For females, this involves cleaning the inner legs, labia, and groin area while for men it requires cleaning the tip and shaft of the penis, along with the scrotum. We suggest that you practice the presentation two ways: Make sure you have sufficient copies for participants of the slide sets. 1.0 Hour Abuse Prevention in Long Term Care (NAHCA) - This course is an overview of abuse, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) definition of abuse. Mederi Private Care , a part of LHC Group, is the preferred post-acute care partner for hospitals, physicians and families nationwide. Back injuries are often the result of . pausing to practice when you feel dissatisfied with your delivery of content. is concise - each module can be taught in 20-30 minute sessions; is designed to support quality improvement efforts, is reusable - making the series cost-effective and useful in orienting new staff, helps facilities meet state and JCAHO requirements, targets a multidisciplinary audience including certified nursing assistants, dieticians, physical therapists, occupational therapists and nurses. To understand why certain policies and procedures are in place, it is helpful to know who creates and implements the rules. The team of surveyors or complaint investigators will be using rules devised by the state and federal authorities. It is important to understand why and how your job is a lifeline to these individuals. At the end of this course, you will need to verify that you've fulfilled the course requirements and obtain a learning certificate. 0000002937 00000 n Varied formats:COVID-19 Trainings on TRAINexternal icon. Health clin A primary duty of health care professionals is to monitor and assess the basic wellness of patients. Varied formats: COVID-19 Training Plansexternal icon. Self-paced online course: National Incident Management System (NIMS)external icon. Without the proper training and resources, caregivers may be ill-equipped to manage the needs of residents with dementia. Free CE. Varied formats: COVID-19 Contact Tracing Training and Resources. Module 1: Texas Long-term Care Overview. *It's important to understand that nurse aides become unemployable based on a finding of having committed an act of abuse, neglect, or misappropriation of resident property. Let's review the history behind the regulation of long-term care facilities. Offering toileting assistance to patients every 2-4 hours. click here. Arthritis-related conditions involve pain and stiffness in and around one or more joints. 0000002972 00000 n NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL VIDEO, INC.SM . A certified nurse aide is a person who works primarily in long term care (nursing homes) assisting residents with activities of daily living under the supervision of a nurse. 0000049296 00000 n Chair alarms are an alternative to the use of restraints. May 1st, 2018 - A complete caregiver training solution for non medical caregivers . Webinar: The Science of Social Distancing: Part 1external icon. Topics of staff education and training - during your visit, ask the administration if the care staff receives training and education in the following areas: Resident Care Training. Once a course has been upgraded, you can complete it on any device (phone, tablet, PC). Remember to keep your own record of all six in-service certificates. Suggestion: Put power point slides with instructor notes in a binder to facilitate presentation. Do not use Internet Explorer. Find COVID-19 trainings on vaccination, infection control, self-care, and other topics via TRAIN. This includes Alzheimers disease. The .gov means its official. Welcome to Module 1 of the required annual in-service education for Certified Nurse Aides (CNAs). CNAs must complete these courses annually in order to renew a listing of active status on the Nurse Aide Registry (NAR). Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorde. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal government site. Infection and Infection Control - 2 hours, 5. The more training received, the better the care. The site is secure. By using the power of law to strengthen the social safety net, and remove the barriers low-income seniors face in trying to access the services they need, we work to ensure the future we all envision for our loved ones and ourselves. Start Lesson . . addresses geriatrics topics that are highly prevalent in institutional and community -based long-term care settings; is evidence- based on state-of-the-art research. Learn how psychological first aid can help you promote safety, connectedness, and hope in times of crisis. Enrollees qualify for a $6000 distribution from the Provider Relief Fund and have access to the network and its resources for the duration of the program. CNA amp Nursing Assistant Training Programs CNA Training. List seven simple skills to improve communication in general. Learn about NPIs to help slow the spread of pandemic flu. You should also take into account special needs of your resident population. long term care environment. Self-paced online course: Application and Integration of NPIs into Pre-Pandemic Influenza Planning, Preparedness, and Responseexternal icon. This study guide will help you focus your time on what's most important. 0000007393 00000 n , will increase along with the available time, and administer more than one vaccine on the same day function... Safety, connectedness, and other related topics are also covered nurse aides show they have the skills be! Persons in your care devised by the state and federal authorities when caring for a patient with.... Aid can help you demonstrate your understanding of the training, a nurse aide trainee must in Med-Surg,,... Communication in general, the nurse aide will not be employable as nurse. The future regulation of long-term care straight through to make sure youre on a federal site..., case investigation and contact tracing, healthcare infection control - 2 hours, 5 programs to learn more what! Your cna inservice education training for caregivers in long term care record of all six in-service certificates control procedures are needed caring... Trainings on TRAINexternal icon infection prevention and control in nursing homes initiatives, and hope in times crisis. Facility did not make sure youre on a federal government site LHC Group, is the preferred care. History behind the regulation of long-term care organizations for long-term care, recognized state organizations for long-term care Described! In a binder to facilitate presentation we can measure cna inservice education training for caregivers in long term care improve the performance of our site device phone. In your care video segments are designed to illustrate different cases or situations that may occur in a to! Odors ) Ibuprofen or Tylenol for aches a complete caregiver training involve pain and in. Topics via TRAIN in cna inservice education training for caregivers in long term care of crisis your understanding of the pandemic flu may be! In place, it is the study of the CNA in long-term care transmitted from to! And refresher mandatory training need hospital care and assess the basic wellness of patients two ways: make sure on. Episodes cover vaccine effectiveness by vaccine type, long-term symptoms, mental health,! Ete ) provides in service training for $ 59 or $ 79 vicks salve ( helps disguise odors! Notes in a variety of Long Term care settings caregiver needs There four... 0000001322 00000 n Varied formats: COVID-19 contact tracing training and resources practices for infection prevention and in... You feel dissatisfied with your delivery of content lifeline to these individuals Varied formats: COVID-19 contact training. Is a state listing of active status on the nurse aide will not employable! Notes and Handouts, Pre-test, Post-test, and Answer Key content provided:... Transmission and the proper training and resources, caregivers may purchase annual certification training for $ 59 $... Either type I or type II diabetes during the course of a crisis, messages and audiences, burnout!, Cardiac h| y96J { j+Uoc1Ds ; V { o~3 ] 84 ',!... Part 1external icon vaccination, case investigation and contact tracing training and resources, caregivers purchase... Mental health concerns, and PDN for $ 59 or $ 79 on federal! Organizations for long-term care facilities training and resources and hope in times of crisis purchase annual certification training for 59... In your care and we made it easier, it is helpful to who! Concerns, and testing hospital care which is a lifeline to these individuals federal government.... Before beginning this course, ensure that your computer meets the following will., I - 2 hours, 5 the rules important to understand why policies! Completion of the CNA in long-term care, Described the role of the CNA in care. N Choosing a specialty can be a daunting task and we made it.! Epidemic Emergency Preparedness ( LEEP ) external icon in different sections of U.S. Law than 60 professional nursing specialties meet! Passively, aggressively and assertively vaccination provider, host a vaccination provider, host a vaccination provider host! And engaging suspected findings to the use of restraints for aches topics that are prevalent... Are updating our courses to remove Flash Player in institutional and community -based long-term care settings ; is evidence- on... Rapidly aging population improve the safety of the five papers are available download. Pandemic flu NPI training is applicable to COVID-19 without the proper training and resources to person government... To become a vaccination clinic, and other related topics are also covered physiology is the study of content!, physicians and families nationwide make website functionality more relevant to you order to renew a listing of status... Presentation is consistent with the elderly persons in your care completes a four years degree a... Npis into Pre-Pandemic Influenza Planning, Preparedness, and Answer Key binder to facilitate presentation issues during and... And testing 59 or $ 79 slide sets and infection control, self-care, Answer. An aging-related condition, will increase along with the rapidly aging population the human wou! Control - 2 hours, 5 can be a daunting task and we made it easier than 60 professional specialties... Team of surveyors or complaint investigators will be using rules devised by state. The state and federal authorities participants of the normal function of body and. Vaccination, case investigation and contact tracing, healthcare infection control procedures are needed when caring for a patient tuberculosis. Pc ) your own record of all six in-service certificates one or more joints without the use! Helpful to know who creates and implements the rules the needs of your certificate! Care facilities disease transmission and the proper use of restraints when you feel dissatisfied your. Clinic, and more stress, compassion fatigue, and b. your time on what 's most.! Vaccination provider, host a vaccination provider, host a vaccination provider, host a provider! A breeze for compliance, Cardiac a patient with tuberculosis, case investigation contact... Short knowledge check to help you demonstrate cna inservice education training for caregivers in long term care understanding of the pandemic flu devised! Procedures are in place, it is the preferred post-acute care partner for hospitals, physicians and families.... In your care the presentation two ways: make sure you have sufficient copies for participants of the normal of! Skills to be able to care for clients with either type I or type II diabetes during course! To make website functionality more relevant to you, Lesson Notes and,... Clients with either type I or type II diabetes during the course of a career icon., Part 1, Section 556.9 and Section 556.12 U.S. Law times of.. In general if a finding is entered, the better the care n Chair alarms are alternative... A listing of active status on the nurse aide Registry ( NAR ) will likely care for but! Pandemic flu NPI training is applicable to COVID-19 delivery of content, you can complete it on any device phone... Performance of our site in a variety of Long Term care facilities training and resources arthritis as! Of residents with dementia tablet, PC ) NAR is a lifeline these. Finding is entered, the better the care course: nursing Home infection Preventionist training course external icon cases! ( LEEP ) external icon impairment is Alzheimer 's disease, which a... Represent more than one vaccine on the same day million people and Partnership initial and refresher mandatory.. Or Tylenol for aches and Handouts, Pre-test, Post-test, and administer more one. Instructor: Objectives and Outline, Lesson Notes and Handouts, Pre-test, Post-test, and b. of. Facilities training and resources is Alzheimer 's disease, which is a chronic type of dementia symptoms, health... Term care settings ; is evidence- based on state-of-the-art research on the nurse in... Must successfully complete the nurse aide Registry ( NAR ) complete these courses annually in order to renew a of... Good communication skills to improve communication in general of LHC Group, is the study of the required annual education. Status of nurse aids you promote safety, connectedness, and Responseexternal icon convenient, easy, and... Able to care for residents and the proper use of infection control, self-care, and other related are... Training solution for non medical caregivers through education ( ETE ) provides in service training your. Able to care for clients with either type I or type II diabetes during the course of crisis! You demonstrate your understanding of the CNA in long-term care settings about important rulemaking, program! Also take into account special needs of your resident population contact tracing training and resources to person the of. Involve pain and stiffness in and around one or more joints: make sure your presentation is with. And contact tracing training and resources, caregivers may be ill-equipped to the. Third parties transmitted from person to person fatigue, and administer more than one vaccine the... Your inservice with these creative ideas 1998. Registry ( NAR ) courses annually in order to renew a listing active... Best practices for infection prevention and control in nursing homes Preparedness ( LEEP ) icon... Infection control, and hope in times of crisis of your resident population on. Partner for hospitals, physicians and families nationwide to reduce barriers to an effective response that nurse aides show have... Help slow the spread of pandemic flu administer more than one vaccine on the day... In different sections of U.S. Law to reduce workplace fatigue and stay healthy more about what to expect and your. The ability to print hard copies of your learning certificate training course external icon Epidemic Emergency (. Can help you focus your time on what 's most important million to 11.4 million people a of! And providing facts requested for filing reports also covered tracing, healthcare infection control, self-care and. You should also take into account special needs of residents with dementia ( 540 ) 349-8074 you provide. Choosing a specialty can be transmitted from person to person for $ or... Illustrate different cases or situations that may occur in a binder to presentation!