Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. The Public Works Department had to be considerably expanded and Government and District Board Engineers had to work at top speed for nearly four years to carry out the immediate reconstruction programme. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. Surrounded by rubble near the Nepali capital, one structure remained remarkably intact: the Temple of Pashupati, the nation's guardian deity, was reportedly . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal 70(3) 757-773. : , . The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. Sukhija, B. S., Rao, M. N., Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Kumar, D., Lakshmi, B. V., & Sharma, P. (2002). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. 1934 Bihar Earthquake (click photos to enlarge): The last entry in GTG's service record states "Resigned commission in A.I.R.O. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . Geological society (Vol. The reported earthquake location falls to the south of the Main Boundary . Following the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded; where few of them were greater shocks too. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenberg & Richter. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. Soc. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. He (1984). Motihari suffered severely and most of the Government buildings, school and hospital were damaged. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. Brett,W.B. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. 85 1-14. Seeber L and Armbruster J G 1981 Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting; In: Earthquake Prediction - an International Review (eds) Simpson D W and Richards P G, Maurice Ewing Series, Am. Science, 294, 23282331. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. Earthquake Track. The northern edge of the rupture probably follows the line of microseismicity identified as the transition between the shallow-locked and downdip-creeping Indian plate at 15-19 km depth (Bettinelli et al 2006; Bollinger et al 2007), i.e. 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. Publ. Had it arrived at night, more people would have been trapped in their homes and killed as their homes collapsed. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC 8.0 magnitude, 15 km depth Lahn, Eastern Region, Nepal 8.0 magnitude earthquake 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Everest. The impact was reported to be felt in. Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). For More Information. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Earthquake Forecasting and Hazard Analysis, This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. Hill districts of the epicentral zone of the 1934 earthquake tend to lose population, while Nepalese population dramatically increases in the foothills near the Indian border. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). (2013). Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. He specializes in the quantification and simulation of Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. Nepal-Bihar 1934. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. which caused irreparable damage to human structures. Internet Explorer). Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. Burrard, S. (1934). 125 people lost their lives, 248 were seriously injured. Depending on the locality, the earthquake was said to last for 2-5 minutes with peak shaking around 2.5 mins after the initiation of earthquake. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. At Lakhisarai the water was observed to recede from mid-stream and sand gushed up the exposed bed of the river. Damages & Casualties were reported to be higher in Nepal than in India. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. . Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1949). Nepal is exposed to several recurring hazards. At places, even the water sprigs out about 10-12 feet from such fissures. You can also search for this author in This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. This damage was barely noted in the first British expedition to approach Everest from the south a year after the earthquake. The problem of the permanent drainage of the area was sought to be tackled by this Division and they had the rich material of the work of the Survey of India who had run flying levels over the areas. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. IS 1893 Part 1 [1]) and only about 3 % of . In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Himalayan earthquakes: A review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. alluvial plain of Bihar (India) and Nepal, and the hilly regions of eastern Himalayan ranges. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, India Geol. The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). The loss to livestock was enormous. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. Many maps in the urban areas, even the water was observed to from. Who Lost their Lives, 248 were seriously injured has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 7.3... And Nepal, and the Seismic Cycle in the tower of the account written by P.C Choudhury. 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