This database contains an index of compiled military service records for volunteer Union soldiers who served with units organized in more than 20 states and territories, including states in the Confederacy. They were generally referred by number and state, for example 1st Texas, 12th Virginia. By the mid-war, most regiments averaged 300400 men, with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts. Another informal name for the entire southern region, which persists today in fact, is "Dixie," after the title of a popular song at the time which became the unofficial anthem of the Confederacy (or perhaps sometime during the Civil War it may have been officially designated as the South's anthem, I'm not sure). [11], Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C.S. Men employed in certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front (such as railroad and river workers, civil officials, telegraph operators, miners, druggists and teachers) were exempt from the draft. Historian James M. McPherson says: Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways. Robert E. Lee, the most celebrated general of the Confederacy, was known to refer to opposing Union forces as simply "those people." During the American Civil War, the Union Army, also called the Northern Army, referred to the United States Army, the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states. The idea of arming the Confederacy's slaves for use as soldiers was speculated on from the onset of the war, but such proposals were not seriously considered by Jefferson Davis or others in the Confederate administration until late in the war when severe manpower shortages were faced. "The Blue and Gray in Black and White: Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers," in 'Aaron Sheehan-Dean, ed., 'The View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 07:07. And Maryland's nickname "Old Line" refers to the steadfast Maryland troops from the era of the American Revolution. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. [32], The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. This easy-to-use database lists over 6 million Confederate and Union soldiers, and 18,000 African American sailors. Two to four corps usually formed an army. "Justice Has Something to Do with It: Class Relations and the Confederate Army." color of their uniform), Grays, Johnny Reb, Johnny, or just plain About 69% of Confederate soldiers worked as farmers before the war, 5% of Confederate soldiers worked as mechanics and 9% of Confederate soldiers worked as laborers (Lanser 11. A grayback was also a slang term for lice, so we can see the insult here. "[45], In 1894, Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby, reflecting on his role in the war, stated in a letter to a friend that "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. What was the Souths nickname in the Civil War? The age range of the Confederate Armys First Conscription Act in 1862 was 18 to 35 but the Third Conscription Act in 1864 changed it to 17 to 50. [14] Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy. [128] According to the authors of Liberty, Equality, Power, "Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. Former Confederate secretary of state Robert Toombs said "In my opinion, the worst calamity that could befall us would be to gain our independence by the valor of our slaves instead of our own " and complained using black troops would be "a surrender of the entire slavery question. The Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter signed the outbreak greyback - Dictionary Definition "Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms" "As nouns the difference between confederate and greyback "Grunt" A Vietnam War soldier. Confederate guerrillas were called bushwhackers. soldiers. Continuing, McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers' letters he had examined, none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever: Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view. In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. Four regiments usually formed a brigade, although as the number of soldiers in many regiments became greatly reduced, especially later in the war, more than four were often assigned to a brigade. The search engine finds names alphabetically. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A Chance for Active Service. YEOMANRY. It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances. Armies were usually commanded by full generals (there were seven in the C.S. Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view.. America David G. Smith, "Race and Retaliation: The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign." Graybacks was the Also during these 60 years, hundreds of lunching of innocent black men took place in the South while white families, some with young children, watched on as though they were killing a mouse. The problem escalated rapidly after that, and fewer and fewer men returned. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. However, when Kirkland asked if he could show a white handkerchief, General Kershaw stated he could not do that. The Northern soldiers nicknames were the Yankees or Yanks. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113 (2005):340377. The rhetoric of liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861, grew even stronger as the war progressed. But there was no official recruitment of black soldiers in the Confederate army until the very end of the war" He continued, "But Appomattox came only a few weeks later, and none of these men were ever put in uniform to fight. The most common term for a generic Confederate, however, was Johnny Reb. No packages or subscriptions, pay only for the time you need. "Doughboy" A World War I Soldier. Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 78, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas, where they joined the Indian Home Guard. Kirkland did not stop until he had helped every wounded soldier (Confederate and Federal) on the Confederate end of the battlefield. Tennessee was the last state to join the Confederacy. Factmonster is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. [95][96], The Confederacy did not allow African Americans to join the army, neither free people nor slaves. [87] They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities at the hands of the Confederates,[87] most notably at Fort Pillow in Tennessee and at the Battle of the Crater in Virginia. The Confederate States of America (often called the Confederates or the Rebels) was comprised of the eleven Southern states that broke away from the Union between 1860-1861, around the start of the Civil War. Confederate casualties for all these reasons are unavailable. This was a decision made early in the conflict. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army. He first saw action during the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas), and later in the Battle of Savage's Station, Battle for Maryland Heights and Battle of Antietam, during which time many of his closest friends from Kershaw County were killed. Many of those remaining on the battlefield were still alive, but suffering terribly from their wounds and a lack of water. [126][127] The Republican Party's platform of the 1864 presidential election reflected this view, as it too condemned the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. His last words were, "I'm done for save yourselves and please tell my Pa I died right.". Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted, renamed, and disbanded as needs arose, particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the United States. Daniel Library Stacks Call Number E548 .H4. [108], On March 13, 1865,[22] the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14[109][110] by a single vote in the Confederate senate,[22][111] and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. Davis proposed an army of 100,000 soldiers in his message to Congress on April 29. [27], The Confederate Congress enacted several more amendments throughout the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States' greater supply of manpower. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy: Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the Confederate States War Department, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. The Confederate . a Question former british soldier, refused to charge lower rents. 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery. What was the nickname for Confederate soldiers. the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. All U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 results for Franz Khler. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern 'rights' and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. Prominent Confederates such as R. M. T. Hunter and Georgian Democrat Howell Cobb opposed arming slaves, saying that it was "suicidal" and would run contrary to the Confederacy's ideology. In response, some Confederate artillery crews started forcing slaves to load the cannons. Companies were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate Army, Confederate mortar crew at Warrington, Florida in 1861, across from Fort Pickens, Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863, Lt Col. E. V. Nash, 4th Georgia Infantry Doles-Cook Brigade, who was killed in 1864. The best conjecture for Union Army wounded is 275,175. Army, Soldiers -- Confederate States of America -- Registers, Soldiers, United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers, United States, United States -- Confederate States of America, United States, Southern States -- Military records -- Civil War, 1861-1865 Publisher Wilmington, NC : Broadfoot Pub. All three initiatives were unsuccessful, however. The Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War,[65] served as commander-in-chief and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces. [77], As a result of severe supply problems, as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports, the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform, particularly as the war progressed. "[98] After acrimonious debate the Confederate Congress agreed in March 1865. "'The land of my birth and the home of my heart': Enlistment Motivations for Confederate Soldiers in Montgomery County, Virginia, 18611862.'" The full service records are housed at the National Archives and Records Administration. "They forced their negroes to load their cannon," reported a U.S. officer. The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13, 1862, but wartime difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals. . The overwhelming support most Confederates had for maintaining black slavery was the primary cause of their strong opposition to using African Americans as armed soldiers. On September 27, the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45. After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes.[78]. General Kershaw would later be buried in that same cemetery, which also maintains the graves of Civil War General John Bordenave Villepigue and his descendant, World War I Medal of Honor recipient John Canty Villepigue, in addition to World War I Medal of Honor recipient Richmond Hobson Hilton. [34][35][36][37] Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation. [1] While the story seems to have been embellished, earlier sources show that it was not just made up by Kershaw, and has a plausible core. Substitution had also been practiced in the United States, leading to similar resentment from the lower classes. Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial. [130][131], Compared to the Union Army at the time, the Confederate Army was not very ethnically diverse. The unsolvable problem was shipping it to the armies, especially when Lee's army in Virginia was at the end of a long, tenuous supply line. Opposing such a move, Cobb stated that African Americans were untrustworthy and innately lacked the qualities to make good soldiers, and that using them would cause many Confederates to quit the army. It is also called the Southern Confederacy and refers to 11 states that renounced their existing agreement with others of the United States in 1860-1861 and attempted to establish a new nation in which the authority of the central government would be strictly limited and the institution of slavery would be protected. The Ultimate Historical Allusions 54%. [81][82] Many Native American tribes, such as the Creek, the Cherokee, and the Choctaw, were slaveholders themselves, and thus, found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy.[84]. In his 2010 book Major Problems in the Civil War, historian Michael Perman says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years: Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Armies of more than one corps were commanded by (full) generals. Read online free Texas Confederate Soldiers 1861 1865 Name Roster ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. As in the U.S. Army, the Confederate Army's soldiers were organized by military specialty. However, according to Randolph H. McKim in his book The Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army, the numbers of enrollment into the Confederate army were: Virginia: 175,000Florida: 15,000Georgia: 120,000North Carolina: 129,000South Carolina: 75,000Mississippi: 70,000Alabama: 90,000Tennessee: 115,000. The provisional, volunteer army was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress passed on February 28, 1861, one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization, passed on March 6. Lee's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania (a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies, especially food.[80]. Journal of the Senate at an Extra Session of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, Convened under the Proclamation of the Governor, March 25, 1863, p. 6. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Kirkland was born in Flat Rock, in Kershaw County, South Carolina. History was manipulated so these statues could remind the black people of their horrific brutal past and to keep them segregated from the white folk, while offending them. The Choctaws, who were expecting support from the Confederates, got little. At least one major was next in command. [71], Rough unit sizes for CSA combat units during the war:[72], Regiments, which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed, were raised by individual states. An exact In 1965, sculptor Felix de Weldon unveiled a statue in front of the stone wall at the Fredericksburg battlefield in Kirkland's honor. The following calls for soldiers were issued: The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam campaign. Where should I start working out out of shape? The Legion, raised in September 1862, fought until the end of the War. For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. Soldiers from slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100%: Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample. So anestimated 20,000 to . Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. One list provides names of Confederate soldiers who died in either Confederate or Union hospitals in Harrodsburg, Lexington, and Danville, KY. Oxford University Press, 1997.Larned, Josephus Nelson. on the Internet. By Sam Smith February 10, 2015 Updated February 23, 2022. [2], Kirkland went on to fight in both the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg where, after further distinguishing himself for courage and ability, he was promoted to lieutenant. The original 13 states recognized by the Articles of Confederation were (in chronological order): Delaware (ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787) Pennsylvania (ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787) New Jersey (ratified the Constitution on December 18, 1787) Georgia (ratified the Constitution on January 2, 1788) Connecticut (ratified the Constitution on January 9, 1788) Massachusetts (ratified the Constitution on February 6, 1788). He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel.) March 13, 1865, authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented. The yellowhammer is indeed a bird, but pieces of yellow cloth on the Confederate soldiers' uniforms resembled them, earning first the troops the nickname and then eventually the state. The truth of the story has been disputed. "[86], With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40% of its population unfree, the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves. There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox. Individual commanders often had to "beg, borrow or steal" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured U.S. depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. The Statues of the Confederate leaders were not placed until 35 years after the Civil War because these men were not considered heros. What are 6 of Charles Dickens classic novels? Lee was formally designated general in chief by an act of Congress (January 23, 1865) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9, 1865. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 soldiers who were involved at any time during the war. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The storage wasteland, whose exact location has been . [3], A guest post from Mac Wyckoff: What we really know about Richard Kirkland, the Angel of Maryes Heights, "Confederate soldiers have their own medal of honor", Richard Rowland Kirkland "Angel of Mercy", First public account of Kirkland's actions at Marye's Heights, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Rowland_Kirkland&oldid=1142436003, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 10:33. It is estimated that over 100,000 Confederate soldiers deserted during the war, more than 250,000 died of wounds or disease and 200,000 were wounded. Union soldiers might call a Confederate soldier butternut on account of the yellow and brown uniform some wore, or grayback for the more traditional Confederate uniform. 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